Christian Philosophy on Death Essay

The Christian philosophy on death has long been that there is life after death. â€Å"Yes, we do have confidence, and we would rather be away from the body and at home with the Lord.† (2 Corinthians 5: 8) We are supposed to take solace in the fact that while although our earthly body will be no more, our spirit or soul will move on into immortality. Since life after death seems like a simple enough concept, death should be no big deal, right? We should just view it as a step in becoming closer to God. While in theory, we should just take death in stride, even for those who wholeheartedly believe in life after death find it difficult to accept death. We find it difficult to visualize and conceptualize the afterlife and what our role will be in it. People cope with death differently. Some choose to combat it head on, others choose to simply ignore it all together. However most people fall somewhere in between those two extremes. â€Å"Dying person will use belief systems as the y have throughout there entire life-constructively, destructively, or not at all† This saying generally tends to hold true as one dies. All people cope with death differently however, by in large, most people go through some form of Kà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½bler-Ross model of grieving. The Kubler-Ross model contains five stages that people go through while contemplating their own death. The first stage is denial. In this stage the person grieving thinks that â€Å"This can’t be happening.† In the second stage, anger, the griever says, â€Å"Why me? It’s not fair?!† (either referring to God, oneself, or anybody perceived, rightly or wrongly, as â€Å"responsible†) The third stage is bargaining. In this stage, the dying person says, â€Å"I know its me but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"Please just let me live to see†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The bargaining can be directed toward God which if the bargain is perceived as accepted can lead to a sense of hope or resignation, or anger, guilt, or fear if the bargain is perceived as denied†. The fourth stage is depression, which is arguably the hardest to go through. During the depression stage the dying person takes time to grieve his/her own death. The final stage is acceptance in which the dying person is â€Å"ready to go†. While not everyone goes through these stages in exactly this order, almost everyone goes through these stages in one form or another. They may experience the stages out of order, skip a stage, or even go through the cycle multiple times. There is also a belief that people have three spiritual needs of dying people: the search for the meaning of life, to die appropriately, and to find hope that extends beyond the grave. The search for the meaning of life takes on a higher priority when one is closer to death. â€Å"The knowledge of impeding death creates a crisis in which one reviews life in order to integrate one’s goals, values, and experiences. Without finding their life’s meaning one may feel that their life had no meaning. Another spiritual need is to die appropriately. â€Å"People want to die in ways consistent with their own self-identity.† Most people want to die a quick death surrounded by fantasy, however this is only the case for a lucky few. â€Å"People fear not so much the fact of death but more the process of dying.† The final spiritual need is to find hope in life after death. Life after death is an integral part of many faiths and religions. â€Å"We seek assurance in some way that our life, or what we left, will continue.† We all want some sort of life after death, because the thought of death being the ends of things can be an awful thing to think about. Oftentimes during class or discussions on death, I find myself questioning my own faith and trying to imagine what it would be like if I wasn’t on earth anymore. I guess to be more specific what it would be like if my mind or soul did not continue on in some way, shape, or form. The thought of the world around me going on without me often leads to a chilling feeling and a headache. I almost prefer just to shut down, effectively turning off my ears to the discussion around me. Doing that just seems easier than thinking of the what-ifs that the thought of no life after death means. I believe in God, that there is a life after death, and that my soul and mind will exist eternally. However, it is still hard for me to shake that feeling that comes with thinking about death. If I am getting these chilling feelings while thinking of death as a teenager, I can only imagine the thoughts running through peoples heads while they are on their deathbeds. While it is easy to dwell on the negatives that death presents, there are other ways to approach death. Some people handle death with much grace, accepting their fate and using the time allotted to them to try to make their last days count. No one exemplifies this more that Morrie Schwartz from Tuesdays with Morrie. Morrie rather than overly dwell on the fact that he was dying, chose to take the time he had left on earth to explain dying to the world. His advice such as â€Å"When you learn how to die, you learn how to live.† and â€Å"Love each other or perish.† are just two of the numerous tings that Morrie has tried to teach us. If we could all handle death as gracefully as Morrie did, death wouldn’t be nearly as big a deal to people. Morrie teaches us that there is a time to be three and a time to be sixty-three. Morrie tells us that death is just as much a fact of life as a birthday or getting married. Morrie sets a high standard for coping with a terminal illness. We can also look to the Bible to give us God’s take on death and life after death. The Catholic faith believes that no matter what there is life after death. Whether that life after death takes place in heaven or hell depends largely on how you live your life here on earth. â€Å"Our citizenship is in heaven. And we eagerly await a Savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ, who†¦will transform our lowly bodies so that they will be like his glorious body.† (Philippians 3: 20, 21) Through the belief in God and living according to his commandments we can attain a life after death. â€Å"O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory? The sting of death is sin; and the strength of sin is the law. But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ.† (1 Corinthians 15:51-57)

Importance Role of Advertising in Tourism Industry

INTRODUCTION We live in a marketing and media-driven world. Any organization involved in the leisure and tourism business; arts centers, museums, sports clubs and small hotels to the largest theme parks, airlines and cruise companies, is interested in advertising Many companies think that they should cut expenditure on advertising and redirect it into sales promotions, direct mail, public relations and other forms of marketing communications. Advertising is not an expensive but, rather, is a strategic activity which should be regarded as an investment in the product or brand. Reducing advertising spend may yield short-term savings but may well lead to long-term loss of market share. In the late 1970s Adidas cut advertising spend on its sports shoes and found that the brand was not strong enough to maintain market share in the face of new competitors. It has struggled to recover its former position. Advertising must be sustained to maintain a brand’s market presence since people only buy those products they talk about. â€Å"Out of sight is out of mind for the customer† Effective advertising cannot guarantee success, but it certainly increases its chances. Advertising plays an important and limited role within the process of marketing. Advertising has three basic objectives: * To  inform  customers about new products, experiences, services and other information that they need to be know. * To  persuade  customers to purchase a destination or product, to perceive a destination or product differently or change a brand preference (as an example to perhaps change a customer’s preference for a destination or change of accommodation at a destination) or, * To  remind  customers about a destination or product, where it may be purchased or how it may be purchased (booked). Good marketers see their business from the customer’s viewpoint and organize their entire enterprise to develop relationships with the customer based on trust. Marketing is the ability to develop a mix of marketing strategies to influence customers to buy products and services. This mix consists of a set of four decisions: Product decisions, Pricing decisions, Distribution decisions, Promotional decisions. A product may be a tour package, an airline seat, a destination, a hotel, a meal. The product should provide benefits to the customer; the price ensures the product is priced at a level that reflects consumer value. The distribution component ensures access to the product in the right place at the right time in sufficient quantities to meet customer needs. Related essay: Why is Fish Farming of Growing Importance in Pakistan? ADVERTISING: PROMOTION Advertising is only one element of the promotional mix. Advertising is defined and is taken to mean mass communication via newspapers, magazines, radio, television, billboards, the Internet, or direct-to-consumer communication via direct mail. Promotion: can be a short-term activity, but also, when seen at a strategic level, it is mid- and long-term investment aimed at building up a consistent and credible corporate or destination identity. THE IMPORTANCE OF ADVERTISING IN TOURISM: In the tourism and hospitality sectors, where the product is a â€Å"service† promotion is more vital than other industries. The tourism product is â€Å"intangible†, â€Å"inseparable†, â€Å"variable† and â€Å"perishable†. There is nothing tangible for the customer to examine beforehand or to take away afterwards. The service is inseparable from its production. The experience is variable and subject to factors beyond marketer’s control. The product is perishable and cannot be stored for sale. The customer buys a holiday on the basis of symbolic expectations established promotionally through words, pictures, sounds . tc. Tourism experiences are constructed in our imagination through advertising and the media. The tourism product is also a discretionary (optional) product, which will be competing for both the customer’s time and money against essential items of expenditure and other discretionary purchases. These 5 attributes â€Å"i ntangible†, â€Å"inseparable†, â€Å"variable†, â€Å"perishable† and â€Å"discretionary† mean that the skill in tourism and leisure marketing lies in creating the perceived value of the product. HOW ADVERTISING WORKS IN TOURISM AND LEISURE Advertising is a process of communication. Ads should persuade and suggest things that the consumer may not previously have considered and the persuasion process is achieved through ads. Advertising must create immediate and measurable effects. When effective, advertising (communication) moves customers along a way from â€Å"awareness of a product† to â€Å"reinforcing post-purchase satisfaction†. Stage 1: Awareness: Target market to be aware of product. Stage 2: Comprehension: Potential customers to understand its features and benefits. Stage 3: Acceptance: Potential customers must decide that the product can meet their needs. Advertising plays a vital role here. Stage 4: Preference: Advertising must offer for Potential customers a compelling reason to think that the product meets their needs. Stage 5: Purchase: Advertising motivates customers to action or to buy the product. This objective is always linked to sales promotions. Stage 6: Reinforcement: To confirm customers’ choices and create a sense of satisfaction about their actions or purchase. HOW ADVERTISING WORKS? 4 key models are used in planning advertising today: Sales response model: Sales response model is a very simple price-based model. It encourages the purchase of a product purely on the basis of its price. Persuasion model: Persuasion model takes the advertisement as a starting point and if it is effectively compiled, its impact and message should persuade the audience that the product presented is the best one . Brand advantage is secured by highlighting a specific benefit of a product. Brand: product characteristics + added value. Involvement Model: It aims to interest and engage the consumer. Once the interest is there, a relationship is created with the audience, to feel good about the product. The next step is the commitment to the product, resulting in increased sales. Saliency model: It depends on innovative brand, product- awareness. It moves the audience emotionally closer to the brand product. It generates a feeling of â€Å"that product is for me†. INTERNATIONAL TOURISM ADVERTISING International tourism advertising  is  tourism-related marketing on the part of a private or public entity directed towards audiences abroad, and might target potential travelers and non-travelers alike. Wholly private firms such as travel agencies, hotel chains, cruise agencies,  non-governmental organizations. When planning tourism advertising it is essential to consider customer buying patterns when planning a holiday (even tourism industry staff). These are the usual steps for most people. STEP 1: Type of holiday Usually the first question is  Ã¢â‚¬Å"what type of holiday do we want? †Ã‚  This may be a seaside holiday, a touring by car holiday, perhaps a fishing trip, a restful quiet break in a mountain retreat, a houseboat holiday or one of many other options. STEP 2: Location â€Å"Where is the best place for our chosen type of holiday?   Will it be within the same state, interstate, perhaps New Zealand? † STEP 3: Other activities â€Å"What else will we do while there? † What other attractions or activities  are available to enjoy? Other activities of appeal may be bushwalking, visiting wineries, playing golf, water skiing, river cruises, shopping, etc†Ã‚   While there may be a main reason for visiting a destination, usually customers want to know about other features. STEP 4: Accommodation â€Å"Where shall we stay? †Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What options are there in type, standard and tariff? † STEP 5: Dates and travel method â€Å"When do we want to travel? †Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"How will we travel? † STEP 6: Bookings  Ã¢â‚¬Å"How do we make bookings? † â€Å"Do we need to book in advance? †Booking is also a major concern. Assistance with information: When formulating travel plans, frequently customers need information to assist with their decisions. The most popular sources of information are: * Visitor Information Centres (reached by phone, e-mail or writing) * Internet, websites are very popular with both Australian customers, particularly in capital cities, and overseas visitors Destination brochures * Travel agents (particularly for some destinations reached by air services or cruises) * Automobile clubs (for touring customers) * Friends and relatives who have previously visited the intended holiday destination. It is important to note that selection of the destination is a significant part of the process of planning leisure travel. If customers know little about the destination, it is not likely to be high on their list of preferred places to visit. The various steps above need to be kept in mind when designing tourism advertising. As the global travel market continues to expand with yearly increasing flights among international destinations, advertising efforts on the part of the major actors in this market are also increasing. Advertising  campaigns to promote travel to destinations abroad are particularly prevalent in western countries where the general public's expenditures on tourism tend to be consistently high, even in light of the  economic recession. Many advertisers, which include both private entities and foreign governments themselves, share the intended goal of increasing their own revenue by popularizing their service (e. . , airline or hotel chain) or destination to boost receipts from travelers; however, some travel campaigns have additional or alternative purposes, such as promoting good public sentiments or improving existing ones towards them among the target audience. Sometimes, states may use the branding of a product or service, itself, as a means of conveying a specific message withou t explicitly stating the message; this tactic is often used to soften the implied message itself, thus allowing the brander to sidestep or minimize controversy and/or opposition. DESTINATION ADVERTISING A great degree of ads promoting foreign countries are produced and distributed by the tourism ministries of those countries, so these ads often serve as  vehicles for political statements and/or depictions  of the destination country's desired foreign public Perceptions. Following are only a few of the many examples of government-produced tourism destination advertising that also serve political or social functions. BAHAMAS: The Bahamas are commonly considered to be a focal point of leisure and recreational travel in the Caribbean and the island nation advertises itself as such. Television ads and website produced by the government of the Bahamas specifically foster the image of the islands providing a care-free, exciting, culturally rich, and even romantic experience for travelers; a recent slogan for the marketing campaign was â€Å"It's better in the Bahamas† to reinforce the contrast between the desired perception as a low-stress getaway and the hectic nature of whatever living environment tourists would be leaving behind. The Bahamas have, however, actually traditionally seen high violent crime rates,  so the tourism marketing attempts to focus the audience's attention on the azure water and beaches and draw it away from any negative elements of life there. Managing perceptions  is a common part of advertising of many consumer products and services, focusing the audience's mind solely on the desirable aspects of whatever is being sold and away from any possible drawbacks or consequences. INDIA The common impression of  India  in the West has long been either negative—including perceptions of widespread poverty, lack of sophisticated hygiene, and violent ethnic and religious clashes—or ambivalent, so the Indian government's Ministry of Tourism began a marketing campaign, â€Å"Incredible  India,† to emphasize the country's rich culture, historic sites, tourist attractions, and general sense of excitement and dynamism to western audiences. Tourism is an extremely lucrative and growing global industry so it is no surprise that India, a developing nation, is striving to capitalize on that market to boost its economy. In addition, India is also looking to strengthen its international security and diplomatic ties while broadening and deepening its trade relationships, especially with the U. S ,  so it is in India's interest to promote a positive light for itself among the American and western voting populations in order to garner future international support and aid. MEXICO Recently in 2010 the Tourism Board of  Mexico, a public office that aggregates the resources and interests of the federal, state, and municipal governments, launched a tourism advertising campaign in the  United States  and  Canada—the new campaign's purpose is expressly demonstrated by its marketing slogan, â€Å"Mexico, the place you thought you knew. † The print and television ads feature views of Mexico's beaches, natural wonders, cultural festivities, and historical artifacts like Mayan pyramids and Spanish churches in order to provide a counterbalance to the less preferable popular preconceptions. The eventual goal of tourism board is likely to increase tourism revenue for the country, but, for now, the Tourism Board is focusing on  managing perceptions  among the general populations of Mexico's two major neighboring trade partners. MALAYSIA In 1999, Malaysia launched a worldwide marketing campaign called â€Å"Malaysia, Truly Asia† which was largely successful in bringing in over 7. 4 million tourists. The extra revenue recently generated by tourism helped the country’s economy during the economic crisis of 2008. However, it is mainly Malaysia’s heavy government Regulations of the economy which enabled it to be barely affected by the recent 2008 global economic crisis. In recent years tourism has been threatened by the negative effects of the growing industrial economy. Due to the large amounts of air and water pollution along with deforestation, tourism has decreased in affected areas. EMIRATES Through advertising for the Emirates airline, one of the major themes that Dubai promotes is its evolving status as a key geographic and economic player in the Middle East. Emirates advertising describe Dubai as â€Å"The perfect hub for an expanding global network† THAILAND Tourism is a major economic factor in the Kingdom of Thailand, contributing an estimated 6. 7% to Thailand's GDP in 2007. The main marketing slogan for promoting Thailand internationally was â€Å"Amazing Thailand†, but, in reaction to the 2009 tourism crisis, it was relaunched as â€Å"Amazing Thailand, Amazing Value â€Å". By contrast, the main marketing slogan for promoting Thai tourism to the Thai is Unseen in Thailand. ABOUT TOURISM INDUSTRY Tourism is the largest service industry in  India  . It contributes 6. 23% to the  national GDP. According to  World Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011  ranked tourism in India sixth in terms of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of safety and security In 2011, total Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTA) in India were 5. 78 million. The majority of foreign tourists come to India from USA and UK, Kerala,  Tamil Nadu,  Delhi,  Uttar Pradesh  and  Rajasthan are the top five states to receive inbound tourists. Domestic tourism in 2011 was 740 million. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra received the big share of domestic visitors. Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency . It formulates national policies and programmes for the development and promotion of tourism. Concerted efforts are being made by them to promote new forms of tourism such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism. The Ministry of Tourism also maintains the Incredible India  campaign. However inspite of these achievements, India's tourism industry faces a number of problems such as: * India has a worker shortage. * Insufficient accommodation * Unclean rooms effect tourism adversely. * Food problems concern the foreign tourists. * Many places in the interior of the country are not well-connected by proper roads, railways or airways. * Excessive bureaucracy also delays new hotel and transportation projects, Tourists are often exploited economically * Criminal elements in India can make visits to India unsafe for women and elderly tourists. The tourist attractions in India are also being damaged by pollution. Oil refinery smoke is damaging the TajMahal, while ecosystems of the coasts, Rann of Kutch and the Himalayas are being battered by pollution. Areas Where Problems are Acute * Tourism problems are more common in the rural interior of the country. Orrisa is one of such places where problems are more. * These areas are rich in natural beauty, but they often lack basic infrastructure and accommodations for tourists. Often these regions are highly agrarian. The Government is often unable to secure enough land for developing tourism infrastructure, because it adversely affects local farmers. EFFECT OF TOURISM PROBLEMS IN INDIA * Tourism problems have contributed to India's low share of 1 percent of the world's total tourist arrival percentage. * It also leads to concentration of tourist attention to certain parts of the country. For example, the transport and communication industries of Delhi, Jaipur, Agra in northern India and Bhubaneswar, Konark, Puri in Orissa are preferred over other equally attractive Indian destinations. These problems also shorten the tourist season in India, which in turn leads to unemployment in off-seasons Future of Tourism * Despite all the problems with tourism in India, the industry has a bright future. * Tourist arrivals in 2012 are expected to rise 22 percent * Foreign exchange earnings from this industry are predicted to rise 33 percent above 2004 earnings. * The positive expectations have been based on the current growth rate of the industry which is being attributed to the fast-growing Indian economy for the past three to four years. Despite short- and medium-term setbacks, such as shortage of hotel rooms,  tourism revenues are expected to surge by 42% from 2007 to 2017 * India's rich history and its cultural and geographical diversity make its international tourism appeal large and diverse. It presents heritage and cultural tourism along with medical, business and sports tourism. TOURISM IN VARIOUS STATES OF INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH The state of Andhra Pradesh has scenic hills, forests, beaches and temples. It is one of the most developed cities in the country and a modern hub of information technology, ITES, and biotechnology. Hyderabad is known for its rich history, culture and architecture representing Its unique character as a meeting point for North and South India, and has a multilingual culture. It is called as city of nawabs Andhra Pradesh has many famous temples: * Tirupati -the abode of Lord Venkateswara is the richest and most visited religious center (of any faith) in the world. Srisailam- the abode of Sri Mallikarjuna is one of twelve Jyothirlingalu in India. * Amravati’s Siva temple is one of the Pancharamams. ATTRACTIONS: * Charminar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Center of the Hyderabad Old City. Golkonda  Fort – Largest and 400 years oldest fort. * Makka Masjid– Masjid in Hyderabad City. * Ramoji Film City– Largest Film City in the world situated in Hyderabad City. * The golden beaches at  Visakhapatnam, picturesque Araku Valley, hill resorts of Horsley Hills, are some of the natural attractions of the state. ARUNANCHAL PRADESH Arunachal Pradesh is a serene land tucked into the North Eastern tip of India. ATTRACTIONS: * It has picturesque hills and valley * There are places of worship and piligrimage such as Parasuramkund and 400 years old Tawang Monastery. There are also sites of archeological excavations like Malinithan and Itanagar, the serene beauty of lakes such as Ganga lake or Sela lake or the numerous variations of scenic beauty of the snow clad silver mountain peaks and lush green meadows. ASSAM Assam is the central state in the  North-East Region  of India and serves as the gateway to the rest of the  Seven Sister States. ATTRACTIONS * Assam has famous wildlife preserves – The  Kaziranga National Park, which is home to the  Great Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros. Manas National Park  which is one of the most famous place of Assam * Tezpur, tea-estate. ,bazaars, temples, and wildlife sanctuaries. BIHAR Bihar is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world . The rich culture and heritage of Bihar is evident from the innumerable  ancient  monuments that are dotted all over this  state in  eastern India. ATTRACTIONS: * Patna  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Patna is the capital of Bihar, famous for its rich history and royal architecture. * Gaya  Ã¢â‚¬â€œGaya is known for  Bodh Gaya  the place at which  Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment. Muzaffarpur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Muzzaffarpur is Famous for its education. * Sasaram  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Sasaram is famous for Tomb of Sher Shah Suri, the great Emperor of  medieval India. CHHATTISGARH Chhattisgarh  is a new state but with an ancient civilization and is one of the richest bio-diversity areas in the country. There are many tourist attractions worth seeing. ATTRACTIONS * The state is blessed by nature with magnificent waterfalls, mountains, forests and wildlife Chitrakot Waterfalls, Kutumsar Caves, Ramgarh and Sita Bengra,  Bhoramdeo temple,  Sirpur,  Rajim,  Ratanpur  and  Malhar. DELHI Delhi  is the capital city of India. New Delhi  is famous for its British colonial architecture, wide roads, and tree-lined boulevards. Delhi is home to numerous political landmarks. ATTRACTIONS * It currently has many renowned historic monuments and landmarks such as the  Tughlaqabad fort,Qutub Minar,  Purana Quila,  Lodhi Gardens,  Jama Masjid,  Humayun's tomb,  Red Fort, and  Safdarjung's Tomb. * Modern monuments include  Jantar Mantar,  India Gate,  Rashtrapati Bhavan,  Laxminarayan Temple,  Lotus temple  and  Akshardham Temple * It also has national museums, Islamic shrines, Hindu temples, green parks, and trendy malls. GOA Goa  is one of the most famous  tourist destinations  in India. It is a former colony of  Portugal. ATTRACTIONS * Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, Portuguese churches, Hindu temples, and wildlife sanctuaries. * The  Basilica of Bom Jesus,  Mangueshi Temple,  Dudhsagar Falls and  Shantadurga  are famous attractions in Goa. * Recently a Wax Museum (Wax World) has also opened in Old Goa housing a number of wax personalities of Indian history, culture and heritage. GUJARAT Gujarat is the seventh largest state in  India, located in the western part of India. It is the tenth most popular state in the country for tourists . It is also known asWorld's largest Temple Complex, there are more than 3000 temples located on the Shatrungaya hills, exquisitely carved in marble. ATTRACTIONS * Gujarat offers scenic beauty from  Great Rann of Kutch  to the hills of Saputara. * Gujarat is the sole home of the pure  Asiatic Lions. * Gujarat offers many types of tourism like Business Tourism, archeological & heritage Tourism, cultural Tourism, religious Tourism, wildlife Tourism, medical Tourism and much more. HARYANA Capital of Haryana is Chandigarh ,which is a union territory. Haryana Pilgrim Destinations offers the devotes with a wide range of sacred places which are of considerable religious and historical significance. The pilgrim places of Haryana are thronged by devotees all over the year, who visit the important religious places in order to seek divine blessings and eternal happiness. The state of Haryana has a long historical and cultural tradition which is manifested in the numerous religious places which fills the tourist with an intense sense of satisfaction. Some of the notable â€Å"Pilgrim Destinations† of Haryana are: ATTRACTIONS * Kurukshetra- The historical place of â€Å"Kurukshetra† is the cradle of Hindu civilization. The fierce battle field of the holy land of â€Å"Kurukhshetra† is a witness to the discourse between the mighty and valiant ruler â€Å"Arjuna† and his divine charioteer â€Å"Lord Krishna. * Jyotisar- The ancient place of â€Å"Jyotisar† is the nurturing ground of the values and principles that guide the oldest religion of the world, the â€Å"Hindu† religion. The significance of the place lies in the fact that the holy religious text of the â€Å"Hindus†, the â€Å"Bhagwad Gita† was complied in this sacred place * Thanesar- The sacred place of â€Å"Thanesar† has two important religious temples of the Sthanesvar Mahadev Temple and the â€Å"Ma Bhadra Kali Temple that draws several devotees throughout the year * Pehowa- The holy land of â€Å"Pehowa† is an important religious place among the Hindus, who pray to the deceased member of their family and offer â€Å"Pind Daan† o release them from the cycle of birth and re-birth * Panchkula- The beautiful place of Panchkula offers the tourist with numerous places of religious and historical importance, including â€Å"Morni hills† and â€Å"Tikkar Taal†. HIMACHAL PRADESH ATTRACTIONS * Himachal Pradesh  is famous for its  Himalayan  landscapes and popular  hill-stations. Many outdoor activities such as  rock climbing,  mountain biking, paragliding,  ice-skating, and  helicopter-skiing  are popular tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh. * Shimla, the state capital, is very popular among tourists.. Shimla is also a famous  skiing  attraction in India. Other popular hill stations include  Manali  and  Kasauli. * Dharamshala, home of the  Dalai Lama, is known for its Tibetan monasteries and Buddhist temples. Many  trekkingexpeditions also begin here. JAMMU AND KASHMIR Jammu & Kashmir  is known for its scenic landscape . Jammu and Kashmir  is the northernmost state of India. It is also called as â€Å"Paradise on Earth†. ATTRACTIONS * Jammu  is noted for its scenic landscape, ancient temples and mosques, Hindu and Muslim shrines, castles, gardens and forts. * The Hindu holy shrines of Amarnath in  Kashmir Valley  attracts about   Vaishno Devi  also attract thousands of Hindu devotees every year. Notable places are  Dal Lake,  Srinagar, Phalagam, Gulmarg, Yeusmarg and Mughal Gardens etc. * Ladakh  has emerged as a major hub for adventure tourism . It consistsof naked peaks and deep gorges. Leh, the capital, is also a growing tourist spot. KARNATAKA Karnataka has been ranked as fifth most popular destination for tourism among states of India. It has the second highest number of protected monuments in India, and 507 Kannada  dynastieslike  Kadambas,  WesternGangas,  Chalukyas,  Rashtrakutas,  HoysalaVijayanagaras  and the  Kingdom of Mysore. ATTRACTIONS * Gol Gumbaz,  Bijapur, has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world fter the Byzantine  HagiaSophia. Karnataka  has two   world heritage sites, at  Hampi and  Pattadakal. * Jog falls of  Shimoga District is one of the highest waterfalls in Asia. * Karnataka has 21 wildlife sanctuaries and five National parks and is home to more than 500 species of birds. * Karnataka has many beaches at  Karwar,  Gokarna,  Murdeshwara,  and Surathkal. Karnataka is a rock climber’s paradise. * Fort in Chitradurga, Ramnagaram district near  Bangalore, Shivagangein in  Tumkur  district and tekal in  Kolar  district are a rock climber’s heaven. KERALA Kerala  is a state on the tropical  Malabar Coast  of southwestern India. Its unique culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demography, has made it one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. it is also called Gods own country†. ATTRACTIONS * Popular attractions in the state include the beaches at  Kovalam,  Kappad, Muzhuppilangad, Cherai and Varkala. * The hill stations of  Munnar,Thekkady, Nelliampathi, Ponmudi and  Wayanad. * The National Parks/ Wildlife sanctuaries at Periyar and Eravikulam . * The â€Å"backwaters region†Ã¢â‚¬â€an extensive network of interlocking rivers, lakes, and canals that centre on  Alleppey, Kumarakom, and Punnamada also see heavy tourist traffic. Cities such as  Kochi,  Thrissur,  Kozhikode  and  Trivandrum  are popular centres for shopping and traditional theatrical performances. MADHYA PRADESH Madhya Pradesh  is called the â€Å"Heart of India† because of its location in the centre of the country. Madhya Pradesh is also known as  Tiger State  because of the tiger population. ATTRACTIONS * Innumerable monuments, exquisitely carved temples, stupas, forts and palaces are dotted all over the state. * The temples of  Khajuraho  are wor ld-famous for their erotic sculptures. * Gwalior  is famous for its fort, Jai Vilas Palace, the Tomb of Rani Lakshmibai, Md. Ghaus & Tansen. * National parks like Kanha, Bandhavgadh, Shivpuri are famous for tigers. MAHARASHTRA Maharashtra is the most visited state in India by foreign tourists. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra which was earlier called Bombay. Mumbai  is the most popular cosmopolitan city in India, and a great place to experience modern India. Mumbai is famous for  Bollywood, the world's largest film industry. In addition, Mumbai is famous for its clubs, shopping, and upscale gastronomy. ATTRACTIONS * Ajanta Caves,  Ellora Caves  and ancient  Elephanta Caves  Ã‚  are  in  Maharashtra  . Islamic  Haji Ali  Mosque, to the colonial architecture ofBombay High Courtand  Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminusallare in Maharashtra . * It also has numerous adventure tourism destinations, including  paragliding,  rock climbing,  canoeing,  kayaking,  snorkeling, andscuba diving. * Maharashtra also has several pristine national parks and reserves, some of the best ones are Tadoba with excellent accommodation and safari experiences . * The city of  Pune  the seat of the  Maratha Empire  and the fantastic  Ganesh Chaturthi  celebrations together contribute for the Tourism sector of Maharashtra. MANIPUR Manipur  as the name suggest is a land of jewels. Its rich culture excels in every aspects as in martial arts, dance, theater and sculpture. The charm of the place is the greenery with the moderate climate making it a tourists' favourite place. ATTRACTIONS * The beautiful and seasonal Shirui Lily at Ukhrul (district), Sangai (brow antlered deer) and the floating islands at  Loktak Lakeare few of the rare things found in Manipur. * Othermain tourist attractions are:Imphal Churachandpur Keibul Lamjao National Park,War cemeteries and Loktak Lake. MEGHALAYA Meghalaya has some of the thickest surviving forests in the country. Therefore constitutes one of the most important ecotourism circuits in the country today. The Meghalayan subtropical forests support a vast variety of flora and fauna. Shilling is the capital of Meghalaya. ATTRACTIONS * The  Umiam Lake has a water sports complex with facilities such as rowboats, paddleboats, sailing boats, cruise-boats, water-scooters and speedboats. * Cherrapunjee  is one of the most popular tourist . * The popular waterfalls in the state are the Elephant Falls, Shadthum Falls, Weinia falls, Bishop Falls, Nohkalikai Falls,  Langshiang Falls  and Sweet Falls. The hot springs at Jakrem near Mawsynram are believed to have curative and medicinal properties. ORISSA Orissa has been a preferred destination from ancient days for people who have an interest in spirituality, religion, culture, art and natural beauty. Ancient and medieval architecture, pristine sea beaches, the classical and ethnic dance forms and a variety of festivals at  Udayagiri. ATTRACTIONS * Khandagiri Caves, Lalitagiri as well as Ratnagiri, on the banks of river Birupa are very famous. Precious fragments of a glorious past come alive in the shape of stupas, rock-cut caves, rock-edicts, excavate d monasteries,  viharas, chaityas and sacred relics in caskets and the Rock-edicts of  Ashoka. * Orissa is also famous for its well-preserved Hindu Temples, especially theJagnath Temple at Puri,  Konark Sun Temple  and  The Leaning Temple of Huma. WEST BENGAL Kolkata is the capital of  West Bengal  . It is called â€Å"City of Palaces† and the â€Å"City of Joy†. This comes from the numerous palatial mansions built all over the city. It is famous for sarees and sweets and leather bags and shoes. ATTRACTIONS It is famous for howrah bridge which is very uniquely constructed * Metro train and planetariums are other tourist attractions PONDICHERRY The  Union Territoryof  Pondicherrycomprises four coastal regions viz- Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. Pondicherry is the Capital of this Union Territory and one of the most popular tourist destinations in  South India. ATTRACTIONS * The city has many beautiful colonial buildings, churches, temples. * It has statues, combined with the systematic town planning and the well planned French style avenues. PUNJAB The state of Punjab is renowned for its cuisine, culture and history. Punjab has a vast public transportation and communication network. Chandigarh is the capital of panjab. Some of the main cities in Punjab are  Amritsar,Chandigarh, Patiala and  Ludhiana. Punjab also has a rich  Sikh religious  history and tourists visiting on a daily basis. ATTRACTIONS * Amritsar is a big tourist spot, a lot of five star hotels are there . it is famous for Wagha border which is border of India and Pakistan and Jallianwalla Bagh Hatiyakand. * Chandigarh has famous lake sukna lake,rose garden,rock garden where monuments are made of waste article RAJASTHAN Rajasthan known as pink city of india , is one of the most attractive tourist destinations in  Northern India. The vast sand dunes of the  Thar Desertattract millions of tourists from around the globe every year. ATTRACTIONS: * Jaipur– The capital of Rajasthan, famous for its rich history and royal architecture. * Jodhpur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Jodhpur is the Fortress-city at the edge of the  Thar Desert, famous for its blue homes and architecture. * Udaipur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Udaipur is known as the â€Å"Venice† of India. * Jaisalmer  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Jaisalmer is famous for its golden fortress. * Bikaner  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Bikaner is famous for its medieval history as a trade route outpost. Mount Abu  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Mount Abu is the highest peak in the  Aravalli Range  of  Rajasthan. * Pushkar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Pushkar has one of the very fast Brahma temples in the world. * Ranthambore  Ã¢â‚¬â€œIt has one of the largest national parks in India. SIKKIM The capital of Sikkim is  Gangtok, it is located approximately 105 kilometers from  New Jalpaiguri, the nearest railway station to Sikkim. Sikkim is considered as the land of orchids, mystic cultures and colorful traditions. ATTRACTIONS * Sikkim is well known among trekkers and adventure lovers. * Places near Sikkim include  Darjeeling  also known as the â€Å"Queen of Hills† and  Kalimpong. Although, an airport is under construction at Dekiling in East Sikkim, the nearest airport to Sikkim is Bagdogra which is famous for imported items at cheap price. * The popular sightseeing places include Baba Mandir, Nathula Pass, Rumtek Monastery, Handicraft Shops and Tsangpo Lake. TAMIL NADU Tamil Nadu is the top state in attracting the maximum number of foreign tourists in India it is famous for many temples and other tourist spots. It is also known for medical tourism and has some of Asia's largest hospital. ATTRACTIONS * It has Great Living Chola Temples  and  Mahabalipuram. Tamil Nadu has some great temples like  Madurai,Meenakshi ,Amman Temple and  Brihadeeswarar Temple. * Kanyakumari  is the southernmost tip of India provides scenic view of sunset and sunshine over the Indian ocean.. Hill stations like  Ã‚  Kodaikanal,  Ooty,  Valparai,  Yelagiri  are widely visited. UTTAR PRADESH It is Situated in the northern part of India, bordered with the capital of India  ,New Delhi. Uttar Pradesh  is the most popular tourist destination in India. Uttar Pradesh is important with its wealth of historical monuments and religious fervour. Uttar Pradesh  is the historical heart land of India, where each part of the state is attached with ancient history, civilization, religions and culture. ATTRACTIONS * Varanasi- It is the origin of Hinduism and world's one of the oldest cities. It is also known as City of Temples . It is Most popular holy place of lord  Shiva  devotees. Some of the finest  Textiles  are produced here. * Agra  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Taj Mahal  and several others historical monuments and gardens. * Allahabad  or  Prayag  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It is the place where Indian national rivers,  Ganges  ,  Yamuna  and  Saraswati rivers meet. A mass Hindu pilgrimage n which  Hindus  gather at the Ganges river. Akbar  forts. One of the most popular religious center of ancient and modern India for Hinduism. UttarPradeshs administrative and education capital. * Kanpur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚   It is Uttar Pradeshs commercial and Industrial hub. Has several historical places from  Mughal,  British  era. * Mathura- It is the birth place of Lord  Krishna  of  Hinduism  and  Neminath of  Jainism. * Ayodhya- It is the birth place of Lord  Rama  of   Hinduism. * Jhansi-It is a historical place. This city was centre of Rani  Lakshmibai's battlefield against  British. * Sarnath-Gautama Buddha first taught the  Dharma here. The eleventh Jain Tirthankar of the  Jainism. * Noida  and  Greater Noida- These are the IT,  Electronics  and education hub of  Northern India. India's biggest city with planned and high teck residential area. * Gorakhpur –is famous for  Jim Corbett National Park  and Nainital. PART B ABOUT THE SUBJECT TOURISM Tourism  is  travelfor  recreational,  leisure  or  business  purposes. The  WorldTourism Organization  defines  tourists  as people â€Å"traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes†. Tourism is the fastest growing, industry in the world. It is also one of the world’s most competitive sectors. The completion is increasing as more and more countries seek to attract tourist and more companies and organization become involved in the highly skilled business of transporting, accommodating and catering for tourists. Tourism needs to be marketed, just as any other product, indeed more so, because it is an industry in which the costumer still has an immense variety of choice. There are a number of destinations competing with each other to get a bigger and bigger share of the market. As applied to the tourism industry, the important functions of marketing are to bring about an awareness of the product in the minds of the consumers in the market areas. This is done by way of promotion. TOURISM PROMOTION Tourism promotion is one of the elements of the marketing mix and an important tool for marketing. The term promotion is interpreted and defined in many ways. Basically, the purpose of promotion is to inform. Or persuade, to encourage or, more specially, to influence the potential customers or trade intermediaries (travel agent, tour operators, reservation, services, hotel and charter manner). Like in any other industry, successful marketing in tourism cannot rely only on a product of the right kind, on a market related pricing policy and on a reliable and effective distribution network, systematic communications with actual and potential customers and with the trade intermediaries bridging the gap between producer on the one hand and the customer on the other is also needed. The consumer must be aware of the existence of a tourist place of a tourist product. How is the awareness to be brought about in minds of the consumers in the market areas? Some of the easily identifiable methods are advertising, sales support and public relations. These are the three major marketing tools which any organization uses to information actual as well as a potential customer. Advertising plays an important and limited role within the process of marketing. Good marketers see their business from the customers view point and organize their entire enterprises to develop relationships with the customer based on trust. ADVERTISEMENT Advertisement may be defined as any activity designed to spread information with a view to promoting the sales of marketable goods and services. It plays a crucial role in marketing a tourist product. The tourism ministry has also played an important role in the development of the industry, initiating advertising campaign such as the â€Å"Incredible India† campaign, which promoted India’s culture and tourists’s attractions in a fresh and memorable way. The campaign helped to create a colorful image of India in the minds of consumers all over the world, and has directly led to an increase in the interest among tourists. The prime purpose of advertising is to create awareness. The ultimate purpose of advertising and promotion is to influence human behavior, to motivate and to manipulate demand. Advertising has been added importance where it is used in a supportive role to complement other campaign elements, such as promotional print, tactical price cuts, and sales promotion are often required to make a prospective customer aware of the existence of the other campaign elements. The two most important considerations in effective advertising are the medium which provide the reach, and the message, which provides the communication . n travel and tourism, the special role of sales literature, which is partly sales promotion and partly distribution, must also be included in marketing communication. While the choice of promotional techniques are important to motivate and move consumers they will not bear results if facilitation techniques have not been employed to market easy for motivated people to achieve purchases. Advertising enables you to promote a specific message to a wide audience but unlike pr it’s not free! It can be an extremely expensive promotional tool which is notoriously difficult to evaluate. Advertising is good for creating and building ‘awareness’ but this is not necessarily the same as the building scales. There are few organizations that can’t benefit in some way from advertising campaign, but to avoid wasted efforts and expense, it must be even more carefully planned than any other promotional activity. Advertising usually has either tactical or strategic objectives. Strategic advertising is concerned with creating awareness of markets, and of products, of developing an organization s identity and image. Strategic advertising takes a longer term view. Tactical advertising is aimed at specific market segments, and persuading them to go to a particular place or buy a certain service, sometimes at a particular time. Tactical advertising takes a more shot to medium term view. SELECTION OF MEDIA How much ever you plan your advertising in advance, there will always be occasions when an advertising sales person telephones you with a special offer. Some of these might be genuine. Most are not. ou should do your best to resist there will be another opportunity and your advertising will be much more effective if it is proactive and planned rather than reliant on those last minute special offers , especially if they are for new publications which no which no one has heard of and which disappear almost instantly. The selection of appropriate media is usually based on three criteria: 1. Cost of space- in the print media on time radio, TV and cinema screen. Cost is obviously very important and is expressed in terms of cost per thousand contacts. Whilst being a useful yardstick it only provides an estimate of potential readers or people who may see an advertisement. Usually a larger the circulation the lower is the cost per thousand. 2. Suitability – if graphics colour or movement is required the medium must be suitable. 3. Appropriateness – the chosen medium must be appropriate for the product or service being promoted and clearly targeted. Before booking any soace or time, telephone the advertising departments of the media you are interested in and ask for a copy of their media pack. This outlines the various advertising opportunities, costs, and profile of readers, viewers or listeners, as well as giving technical data for the publication or programme. For most organizations their budgetary restrictions will limit their choice to advertising in publications rather than on television or radio. Television has been proven as an excellent and very persuasive medium but is expensive. Not only is the cost of time slots costly but also the production of good advertisements. If you have sufficient budget for television advertising you should use an advertising agency to help you buy the time as well as produce an effective advertisement. Radio advertising is cheaper than television and can be useful for events and tourism products which are easy to buy such as well known attractions . radio advertising is less effective for products and services which need detailed explanations. The choice of publications in which to advertise is vast. In addition to local and national press, there are also special interest magazines and tourist board guides . f you run any special interest holidays ,these magazines are very useful. When you have obtained media packs and information about relevant publications, use the following criteria to draw up a short list. Profile of readership Do the readers correspond to your target markets? The readership profile should detail readers in terms of age and socio –economic profile, as well as giving further details about hob bies and interests, and any research about holiday-taking habits. Tourism products are a major source of revenue for many publications so they will usually have more detailed information available if you ask for it. Readership Most publications will give their circulation and readership figures. The readership figures are more interesting because these show the actual number of people who will see and read publication, not just buy it. For some publications will give their circulation and readership figures are more interesting because these show the actual number of people who will see and read the publication, not just buy it. For some publications there will be a big difference between the circulation and readership figures. Some of the more up market monthly magazines have relatively low circulation figures but a long shelf life and high readership figures-particularly when they are the types of publication you see in doctors and dentists surgeries! When considering readership figures, look also at the distribution method for the publication. Is it one which people really demand, by buying it at a newsagents or requesting it from a tourist information centre? Or one which arrives un -requested through the letterbox? Publication date We will need to plan ahead and choose publications whose copy dates you can meet. Even more important are publication dates. If most people plan and book their holiday with you in November, there is little point advertising in a publication which appears in may, unless it is tactical advertising and you are looking for top-up business. The media pack will probably include details of forthcoming features which might be relevant to you. Sometimes it is a good idea to advertise within a relevant feature but remember that competitors will probably be doing the same. It can be useful to stand alone and make a bigger impact at anothertime, if the timing is right for you. Advertising rates The deciding factor will inevitably be whether or not you can afford to advertise in your chosen publications and if it is cost-effective . set your budget in advance and stick to it. You might decide to place your advertising through an agency which shouldn’t actually cost you anything because they will take a commission from the the publications, and May already have special rates. When placing advertisements always ask if there’s any chance of editorial coverage and the name of the person you should contact. Evaluating advertising campaigns They’ll never find out which half of your advertising budget was a good investment unless you monitor it. keep a record of the media in which you advertised, when and the cost . make sure that all staff are aware of the need to monitor advertising expenditure and ask them to make a point of asking people who book with you where they heard about you, and to make a note of this. You can also monitor which publications work for you by using different types of advertisement, such as specific packages or codes when people are asked to complete tear –off vouchers for further information. Monitoring advertising campaigns is more difficult for destinations and attractions where people simply turn up. Where-ever possible you should conduct brief visitor surveys (using students on work placements is an easy way of doing this) questioning representative group or people at difficult times of the year. you will be able to increase the effectiveness of any advertising if it is carefully thought through and planned in advance . advertising should also be integrated into the marketing plan so activities can be dovetailed . you will raise more awareness of your product. Advertising on outdoor and non-print media. The past 20 years have seen dramatic shifts in advertising, as TV press and radio have become increasingly fragmented and diverse as audience media consumption continually changes. This means that the marketer has much more choices in which advertising medium to choose from and if you know the media, or in this case, travelling habits of your target market, should make reaching them a lot easier than merely hoping they will be watching an episode of Coronation Street on a Wednesday night. If you are in the market to buy media space ,things have been sewn up by Viacom outdoor, who sell space on behalf of transport for london,including buses,london underground ,docklands light railway, and the major train ,tram and coach networks . nice and easy! Rail advertising Rail advertising offers opportunities to reach a broad audience, from daily business commuters to leisure traveler’s . rail sites offer the benefit of longer dwell-time, allowing more detailed copy, and aiding brand recall. There is a wide selection of sites across several major rail networks throughout the uk,including central trains(across the midlands and beyond),chiltern railways(commuter connection from London Marylebone to Birmingham),gner(east coast mainline s service between london king,s cross and Scotland )and merseyrail(key commuter network in the north west). This can work well for local advertisers to complement existing mixed media ,or as part of a Uk –wide rail campaign . There is a wide range of campaign options and associations costs, but to give an example of a four week campaign the following costs. Could apply. Below are some examples of the main media options available; Tube car panels Tube car panels can be found inside the carriages and benefit from a captive audience for an average of 13 minutes every journey. Escalator and stair panels. They are situated in a range of locations across the networks and are available to buy as part of general distribution packs, line by line and in special packs. DO’S AND DON’TS OF ADVERTISING 1. DO HAVE A PLAN: No matter how small or how large is the tourism destination or tourism business, there needs to be an annual marketing plan, even a simple one. It does not need to be complex but the plan will provide direction and help make better decisions about advertising opportunities as they arise. 2. DO HAVE A BUDGET: Many advertising opportunities look too good to miss – but are they? If there is a set budget for marketing for the year, this imposes self-discipline on how funds are allocated. Advertisements should be within budget to avoid problems related to financing of advertisements. 3. DO HAVE A BUSINESS OBJECTIVE: There should be a business objective. Some suggested business objectives could be: * To stimulate demand in a shoulder period. These advertisements may have a retail approach using packages to attract customers * TO promote a new feature like an attraction, extending trading hours, a motel adding a dining room or a houseboat operator adding new houseboats to the fleet * To compete against new competition by reminding customers that they will still be welcome 4. DO HAVE A CLEAR REASON FOR ANY ADVERTISEMENT: The days have gone when advertisements can be scheduled without a clear business reason. What the advertisement is designed to achieve should be stated up front so that evaluation is easier. 5. DO RECOGNISE THE IMPORTANCE OF DESTINATION MARKETING: Every tourism business needs to be cognisant of the importance of destination marketing. If the customers do not visit your destination and go somewhere else, no tourism business or any other business will earn any revenue from visitors. 6. DO CONSIDER CAREFULLY THE FORMATOF ADVERTISEMENT: Many regional tourism businesses spend money on advertisements that fail to produce results. Often they blame the newspaper, magazine, or other medium which was used. Far too often the advertisement fails because it has a format that does not attract the attention of customers. The â€Å"Advertising formats† section of this paper has further details. DON’TS OF ADVERTISEMENTS DON’T WASTE MONEY ON â€Å"ONE-OFF† ADVERTISEMENTS: Advertising only once in any consumer newspaper, magazine, trade press, radio, TV or any other medium does not usually achieve anything. It takes a series of advertisements to have impact. Tourism businesses that schedule one advertisement should not be surprised when they get no response. DON’T WASTE MONEY ON SMALL ADVERTISEMENTS: Some tourism businesses say that they have a small budget and can only afford a small advertisement in consumer print media. In that instance it is recommended that other marketing techniques be used. Small advertisements usually are not seen by customers and become a waste of money. The exception is classified sections in newspaper regular travel features and automobile club magazines. They are read by prospective customers. DON’T STRUCTURE ADVERTISEMENTS TO PLEASE YOU. DESIGN THEM FOR TOURISTS: When a customer sees any tourism advertising, always at the back of their mind, in some form, is the question, â€Å"what’s in it for me? † If customers cannot see any benefits to enjoy,   the sale (booking or attraction entry) will be lost. DON’T USE PHOTOGRAPHS WHICH APPEAR TO HAVE COME FROM A FAMILY ALBUM: Tourism destinations and tourism businesses sometimes use photos that look as if they have been taken from a family snapshot album. Such photos can be a real â€Å"turn off†. Any tourism destination or tourism product needs to use photographs that impress customers otherwise they may think your destination or product is second rate. If this occurs not only will you have â€Å"saved a few bob† in the expenditure column, but the revenue column will be down too. When choosing a professional photographer to take photos it can help to choose a photographer skilled in tourism photos. As an example a photographer who is good with wedding photos may not have the skills for tourism photos which are quite different. DON’T HAVE BLAND AND UNINTERESTING COPY Unlike other products, tourism is about enjoyment, excitement, adventure, special interest, relaxation and particularly different experiences. Destinations that are more successful have emotive advertising supported by brochures which attract customers with their carefully selected pictures, appealing design and exciting copy. Advertisements that use bland and uninteresting copy cannot expect tobe competitive, orenthuse customers about their destination or tourism product. ADVERTISEMENT FORMATS Regional tourism spends large sums each year on advertising but how much proves to be effective? Many advertisements fail to produce results, and poor design is often the reason. Advertisements that work follow a number of basic rules. First and foremost, successful advertisements carry a strong message that relates to the reader. It grabs their attention, and excites their interest by presenting customer benefits in a compelling, involving way. The advertisement heading describes the one key selling pointhat will enthuse the reader. This should have no more than eight words. MARKETING There have been various attempts to define â€Å"marketing† but so far no universally accepted definition has been devised . this is perhaps due to the fact that marketing as a compresive management function is farily concept which effectively only started to be applied in the early 1950’s . like most innovations , marketing has been gradually adoptes be increasing the number of enterprises mainly in the fields of consumer products with diverse ideas developed as to what it should embrace and how its priciples should be implemented . n the last few decades , however , marketing has become an established management process and practice in most industries. FEATURES OF TOURISM MARKETING Marketing of tourism product has certain peculiar characterstics. although general principles of marketing of products of other industries could be applicable so marketing of tourist product , there are a certain differences in approach . these differences are because of peculiar character of tourist product . amoung the peculiaities of the tourist product are :- TOURISM IS AN INTANGIBLE , NON MATERIAL PRODUCT No transfer of ownership of goods is involved as compared to a tangible product; say for example , in case of sale of a motor car , certain facilities , installations , items of equipment are made available for a specified time and for specified use . Production and consumption of tourist services are closely interrelated The travel agent or tour operator who sells this product cannot store it . production can only be completed if the customer is actually present. There is a close link between production and consumption of tourist services. Most tourists services cannot be consumed incrementally, in the other words, consumption, once begun, cannot be stopped, interrupted or modified at all. A TOURIST PRODUCT IS ASSEMBLED BY MANY PRODUCERS The tourist product cannot be provided as single enterprises. Each of the components of a tourist product is highly specialized and together makes the final product. This is not so in the case of the other tangible products where one manufacturer produces a total product. In tourism on the other hand, an airline considers seats flown or passenger miles to be its product measures its production. TOURISM DEMAND IS HIGHLY UNSTABLE The demand is influenced by factors such as seasonal, economic, political, et. The seasonal changes greatly affect the demand. Seasonality means that tourism plant is frequently used for a limited part of the year and therefore uneconomic . many tourist areas have a short season usage is the seasonal unemployment, which is a serious problem. Some of the developing countries which have recently established tourist industries suffer particularly from seasonality. DOMINANT ROLE OF INTERMEDIARIES In most industries, manufacturers have a predominant control over product design, distribution and promotion and pricing. On the other hand in tourism, sales intermediaries like a tour operators, travel agents, reservation services and hotel brokers play a very dominant role and enjoy superior marketing strength. From the stand point of tourism marketing this strong position of the travel trade has significant implications. The travel trade determines to large extent which services will be sold and to whom . DIVERSE MOTIVATIONS It is comparatively simple to determine why people buy a certain make of refrigerators, smoke certain brands of cigarettes, and use certain brands of toothpaste. The subjective and objective reasons, expectations and desires which influence tourists’ choice for a certain holiday destination, type of accommodation and vacation activities are far less evident. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research refers to the search for Knowledge. At is scientific investigation for the Search for relevant information. Research consists of comprising and referring problem, formulating solutions, collecting, organizing, evaluating data, making conclusions and carefully testing. TITLE OF THE STUDY â€Å"A study on Role of advertisement in promotion of tourism† in India. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY: Advertising may be defined as a form of  communication  used to encourage or  persuade  an audience (viewers, readers or listeners. Sometimes a specific group of people. ) To continue or take some new action. Advertisement helps to promote tourism by providing people with information regarding various places which are known as well unknown to people. Attractive advertisement of a place motivates people to go to the place and hence increase the tourism. Hence this is a study to analyse the role of advertisement in promotion of tourism in India. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Advertisements and publicity play an important role in promotion of tourism in any country. In India numerous advertisements are made every year, however less importance is given to tourism advertisements and publicity. In absence of effective advertisement about tourist places, tourism suffers badly which in turn affect the GDP and employment in the country. Many places in different parts of India like Kerala, Goa etc have remained unexplored and untapped in absence of proper promotion and advertisements This project aims at analyzing the role of advertisement in promotion of tourism. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To understand the relationship of advertisement and tourism * To identify the prominent mode of advertisement used in promoting tourism * To study the tourist attitude towards advertisement * To understand the need of advertising in tourism * To suggest few changes in tourism planning so that the Indian tourism development corporation (ITDC) can improve its advertising and promotion. NEED OF THE STUDY Through this study it would be possible to find out how effective has the role of advertisement been for promoting tourism in India and also the ways in which it can improve tourism in the country. It intends to find answers to the problems and shortcomings in tourism infrastructure development in India and tourism support services such as quantity and quality of publictransport ,accommodation, shopping,information services and internet and tel

Contract Law Exam Practice Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contract Law Exam Practice Essays - Essay Example In the case of Trident, an attempt was made to alter the Privity Clause around trust principles and did not succeed because it was only obiter dicta. The doctrine of Privity does not allow a third party such as a consumer for example, to sue a manufacturer who has produced defective goods – classified as vertical privity – or indeed sue a retailer who has sold him faulty goods via a friend who has purchased the product for him - this is a case of horizontal privity. This places the consumer at a great disadvantage, especially if the retailer has gone out of business and is unable to compensate for the defective goods - he cannot sue the manufacturer unless he can establish a collateral contractual relationship, which is possible only in rare cases (Carlill vs. Carbolic Smoke). Generally, the consumer would be considered a third party to the contract between the manufacturer and retailer and therefore deprived of any rights. Modern day transactions are rarely linear in nature. Financial and commercial transactions involve several parties and the Doctrine of Privity makes no allowance for the ramifications of multiple secondary and tertiary parties involved in contracts. But the Doctrine of Privity remains strong in Australian law and is a contentious issue, impeding recoveries from third parties. This is especially so in the case of subordinated debts, where the implementation of the â€Å"security cushion† provided by a senior creditor is impeded by the Privity Doctrine. Common law principles such as promissory estoppel offer scope for development in favor of third parties (Walton Stores vs. Maher). The introduction of Section 563c into the Corporations Law of 2001 has been ineffective in the face of the Doctrine of privity and further reform is necessary. In Queensland, some statutory modifications have been carried out to the Privity Principle at Section 55 of the

Movie Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Movie Assignment - Essay Example This paper shall candidly and comprehensively elucidate on virtue ethics and the issues that surround it by considering its application and/or violation in the movie â€Å"Iron Man 2." One of the scenes that can adequately be used to describe virtue ethics in the movie â€Å"Iron Man 2† is Iron Man (Tony) and his Stark industries. As an industry that engages in the production of weapons for the American military, Business in this sector can be a persistent quandary for those involved. As the movie begins, Tony Mark has no doubts and strongly believes that the missiles that he creates protect and support American paramilitaries (Casey et al., 12). When Tony goes to Afghanistan to exhibit a newly created missile, a terrorist cell bombs his caravan. Tony looks at the grenade and sees the label â€Å"Stark Industries† before it explodes. After its explosion, Tony ends up interspersed with shrapnel and the terrorists easily apprehend him. Even after arrest, Tony does not face the anticipated sufferings. He is saved because the terrorist wanted Tony to create a similar missile for them. Eventually, Tony seepages and returns to his home country where he takes time to essentially reason about what his business does. Through his statements, Tony expresses embarrassment. â€Å"I never got to say good-bye to my father†¦.I would have asked him how he felt about what this company did if he was conflicted, if he ever had doubts† (Casey et al., 24). It had dawned on Tony that the terrorists acquired his weapons and were fully using them against the Americans; whom the weapons were meant to defend and safeguard. After this recognition, tony wonders what to do with the company; ethical dilemma skulks in. Despite the sheer fact that his company engages in other activities, weapon production was the main income generating activities. Tony attributes most of his

Hr1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Hr1 - Essay Example Explain the Purpose of Human Resource Management Policies in Organisations 16 3.2. Analysing the Impact of Regulatory Requirements on HRM Policies of Millennium Hotels 18 3.2.1. Positive Impacts of Regulatory Requirements on HRM Policies 18 3.2.2. Negative Impacts of Regulatory Requirements on HRM Policies 19 Task 4 20 4.0. Examining Human Resource Management in an Organisation 20 4.1. Analysing the Impact of Organisational Structure and Culture on HRM 20 4.2. Impact of Culture on HRM 21 4.3. Effectiveness of HRM on Monitoring Organisational Performance 22 4.4. Recommending Steps towards Improving HR Functions 23 Conclusion 24 References 26 Introduction The organisations in the present competitive business environment seek to increase their capability of managing and controlling the performance of their workforce for the purpose of competing with their major rivals and accomplishing superior competitive position. In this similar context, the idea concerning Human Resource Management (HRM) of different organisations play a fundamental role towards strengthening the optimal performance of the workforce and enabling the organisations to gain overall business or operational efficiency in this composite business environment. The conception of HRM considerably ensures to provide adequate potential synergy in order to empower the substantial growth of a particular organisation. Moreover, the concept of HRM can also be considered as one of the major influencing factors of an organisation which facilitates to enjoy adequate capability of increasing the performance of the workforce and attaining the desired objectives of the organisations (SAGE Publications, n.d.). In the context of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM), the thought i.e. HRM can be regarded as a holistic approach which ensures to align human resource (HR) related functions of an organisation with its strategic objectives. The primary objective of SHRM implies the practice of identifying the key area s of HRM and developing effective strategy to meet the ultimate organisational goals and objectives (Salaman & et. al., 2005). With this concern, the primary objective of this report is to understand the contribution of SHRM in Millennium Hotels towards the attainment of its desired business objectives. Additionally, the discussion would further identify and analyse the major factors that underpins the need of an adequate HRM plan for Millennium Hotels. Furthermore, the purpose of HRM policies and their potential impacts will also be analysed in accordance with the HRM policies of Millennium Hotels. At last, the report will be concluded through analysing the impact of organisational structure and culture in the HRM practices and examining the efficiency of HRM in Millennium Hotels. Task 1 1.1. Significance of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) Functions The practice of SHRM can be observed as the approach of preserving effective interrelation between the organisational strat egic decisions and overall HRM strategies. It intends to build a paramount approach for an organisation on achieving a greater degree of managing capability to efficiently attain its predetermined business goals (Gratton & Truss, 2003). In the context of Millennium Hotels, the approach i.e. SHRM can be viewed as one of the major attributes behind the continuous success of the organisation in the global hospitality industry. In relation to the fiercely growing competitiveness in the modern business

Federico World Travel Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Federico World Travel Services - Essay Example FWTS is concentrated on a friendly eco green environment that is both memorable and entertaining, giving the brand first class value. the company employs many revenue flow plans involving membership up-grade packages, Hotel and advertising packages for domestic airlines and outsourced advertising packages, the sales or brokering of accounting software, and subscription benefits for hotel chains. Primary traffic will originate from the free information provided to our FWTS customers and the world, using reviews, travel advice, local news resources, links, a blog, pictures, videos and universal articles, and allowing search engines to deliver guests to FWTS at no direct price. The earnings are generated perpetually as members submit content and new members are attracted, thereby attracting new advertisers. The brand model is developed specifically to fit an exponential function growth curve. Product and Services: Consultation related to activities and the complications of traveling Res ervation and lodging facilities Special customized packages for travelers Pre-arranged tours Supplemental services also include helping customers in cases related to the acquisition of passports. Mission Statement: The mission statement of FWTS clearly illustrates the scale of services, its diversity, and the target market for which the business intends to offer its services. Industry: Developing an approach of understanding the different kinds of applications that can be used primarily for improving the reputation of their businesses. Therefore, the strategic interests of businesses have leaned towards the e-commerce industry, which was later symbiotically affiliated with the Internet. Business Objectives and Goals: To shift attention towards things that carry a more â€Å"sustainable† functioning procedure and image. FWTS labels itself as a full-service tourism business. If its suppliers fail to live up to these expectations, they will be expelled from the corporation. Comp etitive Advantages: FWTS is always creating new ideas to improve the company and discovering new adventure destinations. The company strives to improve travel facilities, equipment, and technology and adopt the strategy of price leadership. Strengths: The market and size of the travel industry is continuously growing FWTS receives a majority of the customer base Weaknesses: FWTS is not very popular among people above 40 years of age, and does not capture a fair share of this specific market. Conclusion: In these competitive times, all organizations intend to introduce measures to being bring creativity to their marketing strategies and advertise the products they provide. Topic: Federico World Travel Services Introduction A marketing plan is the guideline to all the activities that a company uses to penetrate the industry market in order to sell its products and have a share in the market (Micheal,2010). To start with when formulating a marketing plan solid industry and market analy sis is vital (Michael & Susan, 2007). In the travel industry, the current players such as Air America, Fly emirates, Air Dubai do not satisfy customer needs because the market is too big for them to exhaust. Therefore, FWTS will take advantage of these weaknesses to satisfy customer needs and penetrate the market. Also, the current major players in the industry are poorly distributed only in the major cities again this is a major weakness which FWTS will capitalize on, by providing its services everywhere in the world. Also, the

Movie Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie Reflection - Essay Example For instance, the conspiracy that Gittes unravels does not fit a real noir crime film because there is the absence of high-speed loot, no gems, and jewels. Instead, Huston, and other people are planning to dry up the San Fernando Valley by moving water to another direction in order to purchase the land cheaply, and then re-divert water back into the land so that the land becomes fertile, and sell it at a higher price. The central question is how Evelyn Mulwray fits in all this activities and who is this mysterious woman associated with Mulwray. Skyfall is a film produced by Eon productions and directed by Mendes Sam. This film is the twenty -third James Bond movie. The movie focuses on James Bond inquiring an attack or assault on MI6. The assault is part of the ploy by former MI6 employee Raoul Silva to embarrass, kill, and discredit M as a vengeful mission against her for deceiving him. The movie made its debut in 2012 when it premiered at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The storyline of the movie begins when Eve and James Bond chase Patrice, a mercenary who has stolen a computer with crucial information of undercover officers placed in terrorist or extremist group by NATO Countries. As the movie progresses, Patrice shoots James Bond, and the fight escalates, Eve unintentionally wounds Bond which gives Patrice a chance to escape. James Bond plunges into a river, assumed dead. After the botched mission, M, the leader of MI6 group faces political pressure to step down for failing to handle extremist activities. Mi6 computers are broken and M gets teasing information before MI6 offices explodes killing MI6 workers. This turn of events forces MI6 to move its offices underground. James utilizes his assumed death to retire, learns of the explosion, and goes back to London. Despite failing to pass several psychological and physical tests, M accepts the return of Bond to work. This movie discusses the

Chinese Economy Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Chinese Economy Master - Essay Example I will be discussing the threats foreign companies are facing in China's business environment and detail the efforts made by the Chinese government to address the said issues. Multinational corporations (MNCs), such as Wal-Mart, have identified that the most troublesome feature of China's business environment is the fragmentation of supply chain and local protectionism resulting to a lack of consistency of inter-provincial rules and regulation. Chinese provinces have, for centuries, enjoyed local autonomy and have made full use of it to protect local interests. Regional and local governments have the power to implement rules and regulation so long as it is line with the core mandates and laws of the central government and they can do this without notice. Foreign companies, most of which operate on the national level, finds this situation to be confusing and costly for business operations as they have to comply with each regulations set by each local entity. It also presents problems in supply chain efficiency as each province may require the inspection of the products being transported. For example, there is the possibility that nationally approved produc ts are barred from local distribution due to differing health and sanitation requirements of different provinces. There also localities that require wholesale purchases of alcohol and tobacco products posing problems for retail-oriented stores. This state of affairs results in fewer choices or higher prices for consumers which can be detrimental to the MNC in light of the very cheap products produced by Chinese companies. Physical infrastructure also differs between provinces due to the gap in funds to implement projects posing difficulties for road transportation whether it may be private or commercial trucking resulting to a problematic interprovincial purchasing. (McGregor 2007, p. 45) Technology and the Abundant Labour Force China's population is one of the largest in the world implying the abundance of the labour supply. While it can be argued that this presents an opportunity for the companies due to the expected lower compensation packages, it presents tradeoffs in accuracy and quality. The cheapness of labour works for industries that employs manual labour but is a nightmare for those which involves automated processes. High-end technology and electronics manufacturing from Japan, Korea and the United States relocating to China require automated processes and invest in usually expensive technologies to meet quality and accuracy standards. They are now faced with the dilemma of resorting to manual labour and risk quality or invest in automation and incur large costs that cannot be easily regained in light of fierce competition. In sectors that make use of manual labour such as those in transportation, distribution and retail, the abundance of labour can be a threat because it decreases entry barriers and forces the company to lower their prices to be able to compete in the market. As a result, foreign companies and their local providers still opt either to process manually or to contract out to local, third-party logistics companies that use manual processes thereby sacrificing quality. (Yan, Rick and Lebeberthal, Kenneth 2006, p.11) Foreign companies that need to have automation in their process could have some part of the process done manually but

RRQ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RRQ - Essay Example After the end of the war, the southern states passed laws that the black codes which allowed the Africans in America rights such as, owning of property, legalized marriage and they were also allowed to have access to courts (Farr 236). On the other hand, they repudiated the right to testify and attend in the panel of adjudicators in the state militia or beginning to work without endorsement from the former employer. Carter supports his argument about Americans crisis of confidence, in that during the past three years he spoke about national concerns, the energy crisis reorganizing the governmental, national economy and the various issues of war and especially peace (Farr 234). He insisted on how the government should be doing to make sure the nation’s dreams and vision are accomplished (Farr 347). Carter says that in order for the nation economy, to flourish the government has to curb the entire crisis and focus on the national

Building a Fire to Fight Nature Essay Example for Free

Building a Fire to Fight Nature Essay Jack Londons title for the story To Build a Fire starts the reader off with a very basic idea; building a fire. Almost anyone can build a fire. All it takes is a match and some kindling. Londons story is about more then building a fire, though. This story is about a mans belief in himself, self-confidence and even arrogance, to such an extent that he doesnt recognize the power of nature around him. Londons story is more like a Man against Nature story. Londons To Build a Fire casts a clear image that in the ever long-lasting battle between man and nature, nature is not a force that should be reckoned with. The authors characters are even very general. The main character of the story is never given a name except to be called a chechaqua or newcomer in the land. The constant struggle of Man against the natural world and physical forces which threaten to undo him at any moment is expressed greatly by this story.(Colin) This is not a story about one individual person or one isolated incident, but a story used to illustrate a larger continuous gamble or battle between man and nature. London spends the first few paragraphs setting the physical scene. The setting is in Alaska along the Yukon River. It is close to the end of winter but the sun is still not yet in the sky. It is mentioned that this does not bother the man. The rest of the setting is described around the man and the places he has passed on this current journey and where else the trail leads in other directions. The description of the scenery is one of the most intriguing aspects of this story. London had a way of almost making the reader feel cold for the man in the story just by his descriptions of the surrounding territory. The Yukon lay a mile wide and hidden under three feet of ice. On top of this ice was as many feet of snow. It was all pure white, rolling in gentle undulations where the ice jams of the freeze-up had formed. North and south as far as his eye could see, it was unbroken white..(Charters, 910) The scene is set as beautiful, peaceful and cold. The harshness of this physical setting begins to become more and more clear as the story  progresses. Later the man notices that his spit is cracking and freezing before it reaches the ground. He remembers that at fifty degrees below zero spit will freeze when it hits the ground. Undoubtedly it was colder than fifty below.(911) This also means that there is at least 107 degrees of frost if it is truly 75 degrees below freezing. To increase the readers awareness of the cold, London describes how the mans breath is freezing on his whiskers and beard, the man is also chewing tobacco and with the temperature as cold as it is his cheeks and lips are numb and his spit tends to just end up on his beard and freezes in seconds. This man must be out of his mind to be out in the wilderness in these extreme climate conditions. Seeing a man that oblivious to the dangers of traveling alone in colder than fifty below weather, walking on ice, and making a fire under a snow covered tree should be enough to substantiate that he was not unlucky but just plain stupid!(Wilson) The man starts to grow this crystal beard of the color and solidity of amber.(912) The surroundings are beautiful, peaceful and cold but the man did not see the danger that nature could bring upon him. That it was too cold out to travel or that it could get worse was a thought that never entered his head.(912) The man had a native of the land with him. At the mans heels trotted a dog.(911) No name is ever given to the dog in the story. Another way for London to keep the story general and the focus on the theme. The dog is a big, native Husky, a brother to the wild wolf it had the instincts to respect nature. The dog knew the temperature was too cold to be traveling but stayed at the mans heels. The dog plays a dual role in this story. He plays the mans conscience and natures voice and personification. Often a dog can reflect the same personality and character traits as its owner. Dogs are extremely intelligent creatures and will reflect and behavior that they are exposed to for lengthy periods of time.(Feinson, 127) The man treats the dog the same way he treats nature; with no respect. The dog is just a tool, a sled dog and later considered expendable to possibly save the mans life. The man treats nature much the same way. The dog also shows at  the end how nature moves on. The dog stays to watch the man as he dies and once the dog realizes the man is dead he runs off to the cabin where there are other food providers and fire providers(921) The protagonist in the story is the unnamed man. Hes a newcomer to this area of Alaska and it his first winter. He is on his way to a cabin at a claim where he will meet up with the boys. London refers to him as a man without imagination but, quick and alert in the things of life.(910) It is this lack of imagination that makes the man unable to believe or heed the warnings of the veteran Alaskan men who told him not to travel alone when it is fifty below. One needs to have a second person to try and start a fire if the first person should fail. But, the man in the story is over confident. He stops once and makes a fire without a problem to thaw his face so he can eat his lunch. The man doesnt notice how much the dog wants to stay at the fire. He doesnt respect the instincts of the native animal. The trail follows along a creek, which is frozen but has natural springs along it that create small pools of water with thin ice and coatings of snow to cover them up. The man almost prides himself on how well he can spot these warning signs of possible danger. He also is increasingly happy with the pace he is keeping. The man soon falls into one of natures little traps, a small pool of water, and has only a few minutes to build a fire and get warm and dry before he freezes to death. He tries to stay as calm as possible but in his haste doesnt pick a good spot to build a fire. He realizes too late when the heat from the fire he has just built starts to melt the snow in the tree branches above him and drops down smothering the fire. A man alone in the wilderness coupled with stupidity is a deadly combination. To deal with nature takes skill and know-how, this man seems to have neither, he was doomed from the moment he went off alone.(website) When it is 75 degrees below freezing one person doesnt have a second chance to build a fire. The temperature is just too cold and exposed parts of the body will start to freeze. The man still believes in his strength to overcome the power of nature and continues to try and build a fire. He doesnt succeed and at the end accepts his fate and falls asleep thinking about the next day when the boys would find him. The  story is an illustration of what can happen to a person that doesnt respect nature and its power. This is the story of a mans struggle against nature, trying to survive against impossible odds in a universe indifferent to an individuals fate.(909) The man was so confident in himself that he traveled with nothing but his lunch and a few matches and birch bark to start a fire. He has also been warned not to travel alone in such cold, but he goes anyway, with only his dog and confidence for a companion.(Synopsis, 220) He has no company, or supplies for the possibility he may confront some type of danger. Whether the danger be with another animal or with his surroundings. The short version of the story was originally published in the Boy Scouts of America Handbook. Any Boy Scout might remember the story form when they were a kid and the lessons that were taught from it when they were younger. They were taught to respect nature for what it is, what it can do, and of course, to always be prepared. If you arent, nature will take its toll, and what a deadly toll it can be.

The Impact Of Air Transport On Tourism Tourism Essay

The Impact Of Air Transport On Tourism Tourism Essay Air transport is an integral part of the tourism industry. The tourism industry in many countries of the world has been profoundly shaped by the development of air services. The advances in aircraft technology, improvements in communications and information technology, and marketing strategies have improved the quality of air travel and reduced the price of air tickets so that the volume of traffic, particularly on longer routes, has doubled in each of the past three decades (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1997). The relationship between air transport and tourism is a highly complex subject involving an intriguing mixture of tourism accessibility, economic factors, and demand of low cost carriers. 2. Air Transport and Tourism Air transport is part of a broader travel and tourism sector, which is widely recognized as the worlds largest industry. The airline share of the market increases on longer routes as it is a lot more time-saving. The importance of air transport for tourism is justified in Table 1 (Refer to Appendix), which lists twenty-six countries in which 70 per cent or more of international tourist arrivals came by air in 1994. In fifteen of those countries virtually all visitors arrived by air (World Tourism Organisation, 1996). The cost of air transport has a direct influence on the cost of tourism products and indeed on the consumers choice of destination. The steady reduction in the cost of air travel is making this a more competitive form of transport for tourists. This reduction of costs and hereby airfares is partly derived from improved technology, aircraft have become larger, faster and are able to carry more passengers. It is partly linked to the fact that airlines upgraded their fleets and made second-hand aircraft available at low cost and in good condition to other airlines (Pender, 2001). 3. Tourism Accessibility Tourism accessibility has evolved and became very much commercialized and developed. The accessibility of a destination is an indicator for tourist arrivals, which increases tourist receipts to the country. The advancement in air transport has improved drastically as compared to the mode of transportation in the early days. Air transport has made traveling more affordable and convenient for destinations. Accessibility is one of the many factors that influence the development of tourism in a region. Physical and market access to the destination are important and contributes the attractiveness of a region. Air transport is now able to reach areas that have been previously seen to be inaccessible or remote. Air transport is internationally based in terms of its network across countries. The efficient network of air travel provides access to remote regions and enables them to be considered as tourist destinations and people can now reach places like the Kalahari Dessert in Africa. The journey to any destination in the world is now measured in terms of hours and not days or months. People are now able to travel from continent to continent within hours through air transport. According to Mauritian Central Statistics Office, the figures showed that tourist arrivals grew by 3.6 percent from 761,063 in 2005 to 788,276 in 2006. The increase in tourist arrivals was a result of market diversification, liberalisation of air access and increased seat capacity on the national airline with the acquisition of an aircraft in December 2006 and another one in 2007. 4. Economic Impacts of Air Transport on Tourism The economic environment affects tourism organizations in two ways, the first one generates changes in the demand for an organizations products and the second way implies changes that may affect an organizations costs. The key macroeconomic factors affecting demand for travel and tourism products are customers expenditure, export demand, investment demand and government expenditure (Holloway, C Taylor, N, 2006). The main determinants of customers expenditure are real disposable income, interest rates, expectations, and savings ratio. The economic environment will affect export demand in two ways Exchange rate will affect the overseas price of exports and level of economic growth in countries, which are markets for the products. The determinants of investment demand are customers expenditure, expectations, amount of spare capacity and interest rates. The level of government expenditure reflects the state of the economy and political party in power. The key macroeconomic factors affecting costs of leisure and tourism products are interest rate, inflation, exchange rate, and indirect taxes. Tourism creates important multiplier effects on other sectors of the economy. There are three levels of impacts that can be estimated. The direct effects are the economic impacts derived directly from changes in tourist spending as it occurs in the tourism-related establishments. The indirect effects occur because of the increased purchases of the tourism-related businesses. The direct and indirect effects will have accrued the local income in the form of wages, salaries, profits and rent. The money spent within the local economy will generate additional economic impacts called the induced effect (Bull, 1992 Fletcher, 1999). The World Travel and Tourism Council estimates that tourism generates an indirect contribution to local economies equal to 100 % of direct expenditures. However, there are also negative economic impacts such as leakage, infrastructure cost, and an increase in prices (United Nations Environment Programme, 2003). According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), air transport provides 28 millions jobs worldwide and the total economic impact of air transport on gross world output is of at least US$ 1,360 billion (IATA, 2003a). Furthermore, the organization estimates that the combined direct, indirect and induced employment created at European airports is 4,000 jobs per million passenger served (IATA, 2003b). 5. Demand of Low Cost Carriers Hanlon examines the factors affecting passenger demand. The three fundamental factors are incomes, fares and service levels (number of flights and routes). Broad estimates of aggregate elasticities imply that demand is highly elastic with respects to income, rather less elastic with respect to fares and relatively inelastic with respect to service levels. (Hanlon, 1999, p.16). Low cost carriers (LCC) often set up bases in nearby countries as their brand awareness becomes more established. According to the Mega-trends of tourism in Asia Pacific, low cost carriers would become one of the king makers of booming tourism (World Travel Organisation, 2006). LCC aim at stimulating demand particularly from fare conscious leisure and business travelers to widen existing markets or to develop markets neglected by competitors. For instance, LCC open more routes and offer flights at a higher degree of frequency. The emergence of LCC has created a gradual evolution in European tourism. According to an article Budget airlines have transformed tourism in Europe (Hotel Marketing, 2006) Statistics show that in 1994 less than 3 million passengers used LCC in Europe, by 1999 this figure increased to 17.5 million and 85 million in 2003, and a year later there was a further rise of 24% to 107 million. 6. Conclusion Most of the travel destinations rely almost entirely on air services for their visitor traffic. The total economic impact of travel and tourism can be assessed by measuring current and capital expenditures in each of the fields including those by consumers, businesses, and government. The adequate system of air services is an essential requirement for the successful development of tourism to many destinations. The emergence of low cost carrier contributed to the increase in tourist arrivals as it caters to the different markets of consumers. There is a powerful synergy between the development of international air transport and international tourism. References Annoymous (2007, February 23). Mauritius expects euro 828m from tourism this year. Afrol News. Retrieved from http://www.afrol.com/articles/24468 Annoymous (2006, November 16). Budget Airlines have transformed tourism in Europe. Hotel Marketing. Retrieved from http://www.hotelmarketing.com/index.php/content/article/061117_budget_airlines_have_transformed_tourism_in_europe/ Balalia, A. E. (2009). Cooperation between the Public and Private Sector Key Element for Travel Tourism in the context of Global Economic Crisis. (pp. 1 16). Bull, A., (1992). The Economics of Travel and Tourism. Melbourne: Pitman Publishing. Fletcher, J., (1999). Input-Output Models, in: Baum, T., Mudambi, R., (ed), Economic and Management Methods for Tourism and Hospitality Research. Chichester, New York, Weinheim: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Hanlon, P., (1999). Global Airlines: competition in a transnational Industry. Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann. Holloway, C., Taylor, N. (2006). The Business of Tourism, 7th edition. Harlow, Prentice Hall. IATA, (2003a). Sustainable Development a balancing act. Available from: http://www.iata.org/soi/environment/sustainability.htm [Accessed 28.06.2003] IATA, (2003b). Fast Facts the air transport industry in Europe has united to present its key facts and figures. Available from: http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/index [Accessed 28.06.2003] Ioannides, D., Debbage, K. G. (1998). The Airline Industry and Tourism by Wheatcroft, S. An Economic Geography of the Tourism Industry: A Supply-side Analysis (pp. 157 176). New York, NY: Routledge. Okech, R. N. (2008). The Impact of Transportation on Tourism. Journal of Tourism, Volume IX, No. 2. Pender, L., Baum, T., (2000). Have The Frills Really Left The European Airline Industry?, in: International Journal of Tourism Research, 2 (2000), p. 423 436. United Nations Environment Programme (2003). The economic impacts of tourism. Available from: http://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism [Accessed 17.06.2003] World Tourism Organization (2006). Mega-trends of tourism in Asia-Pacific. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.